Preparation and Characterization for a New ZnO - Montmorillonite Hybrid from Iraqi (Traifawi) Clay Minerals

A new hybrid materials of zinc oxide with Iraqi (Traifawi) montmorillonite were synthesized by mixing 15 g. of H – form initiated montmorillonite with 100 ml saturated aqueous solution of Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) with continuous agitation at 60 ºC, and the mixture was allowed to react for 24 h. to ensure maximum interlayer Zn+2 cations intercalation. The resulting Zn – intercalated montmorillonite solid was separated by centrifugation, washed several times with deionized water for free (HCl), dried at 100 ºC for 24 h. and calcined at 900 ºC using Muffle Furnace. ZnO –montmorillonite hybrid was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fluorescence spectroscopy. The appearance of the reflections due to ZnO crystal in the XRD patterns of ZnO–montmorillonite and Zn – montmorillonite was ascribed to the formation of ZnO and Zn+2 ions on the solid surfaces. ZnO – montmorillonite hybrid (SEM) images show the flower-shaped structures on the external surface of clay mineral in a complete flower like morphology composed with sharp tipped hexagonal Nano rods. The enhancement in emission intensity of the zinc oxide hybrids may be probably due to increase in oxygen vacancies defect arose by the surrounding environment of montmorillonite. Keywords: Characterization, Iraqi (Traifawi), ZnO - Montmorillonite, hybrid

Qualitative and quantitative determination of lignin in different types of Iraqi Phoenix dactylifera Date palm pruning woods

The target of this study is to find analytical data base for Iraqi phoenix date palm pruning woods, which produced by pruning process at the season of date palm production. Lignin has been extracted and purified for five  types of Iraqi date palm using Klason lignin method. The weight of the extracted lignin ranged from (0.473 g – 0.600 g) and the lignin % ranged from (23.5 – 30). The other ingredients (waxes, oils, resin, and proteins of wood gums) % ranged from (11.2 – 53.5). FT– IR Characterization showed that the (-OH) phenolic group appear in Digal lignin structure only and dis appear in other lignin samples, and the (4-O-5 inter monomeric lignin linkage) showed moderate to weak  intensity peaks for all studied samples except the Humrani sample at (1271 cm-1) has a strong intensity peak. Also (DODO inter monomeric lignin linkage) showed strong intensity peaks for each (Humrani at 1116 cm-1, and Tibarzal at 1111 cm-1). UV – Vis. Characterization showed that the lowest absorption maximum (267 nm) corresponds to Basrawi lignin sample, While the highest absorption maximum (297 nm) corresponds to Tibarzal lignin sample. Keywords: Qualitative and quantitative determination , pruning woods, lignin, Phoenix dactylifera

Preparation and Characterization of New Magnetic Montmorillonite Clay Mineral by Intercalation of Iron Oxides in West Iraqi Layered Bentonite

A new magnetic montmorillonite hybrid materials of iron (Fe II, Fe III) with Iraqi (Traifawi) montmorillonite were synthesized by mixing 15 g. of H – form initiated montmorillonite with 100 ml saturated aqueous solutions of different percent ratios of ferric and ferrous chlorides (FeCl3 & FeCl2) with continuous agitation at 60ºC, and the mixture is allowed to react for 24 h. to ensure maximum interlayer (Fe+3 & Fe+2) cations intercalation. The resulting Fe – intercalated montmorillonite solids were separated by centrifugation, washed several times with deionized water to free Hydrochloric acid (HCl), dried at 100 ºC for 24 h. (Fe II, Fe III)  –montmorillonite was characterized by Magnetic susceptibility measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The intercalated bentonite samples show high Magnetic susceptibilities due to increment or decrement of Magnetite and Hematite content in these clay samples. All the XRD patterns of iron (Fe II, Fe III) montmorillonite nanocomposites shows a red shift in the position of Montmorillonite mineral main peak due to the emergence of new magnetic clay mineral by intercalation of (Fe II, Fe III) in montmorillonite. Also the clay reflections, present some additional peaks that obviously originate from iron oxides (Hematite Fe2O3), and (Magnetite Fe3O4). FT-IR patterns of (Fe II, Fe III) – montmorillonite samples noticed the appearance of new peaks belongs to (Hematite) Fe2O3 stretching vibration, Fe-O stretching vibration, and (Magnetite Fe3O4) stretching vibration. SEM images of (Fe II, Fe III) – montmorillonite samples showed a change in the nature of the Montmorillonite clay surface. Keywords: Intercalation, West Iraqi, Magnetic Montmorillonite, Layered Bentonite

Commentary of Salmon Ben Yeruham on lamentations

This thesis is a critical edition of the Judaeo-Arabic commentary on the book of Lamentations by the tenth century Karaite Salmon Ben Yeruham. The edition of the text is based on four manuscripts and nine fragments. Two manuscripts and all the fragments are in the British Museum. The third and the fourth manuscripts are housed one in the Bibliothèque National in Paris and the other in the Jewish Theological Seminary in New York. It has been possible to examine all the manuscripts and fragments with the exception of the New York manuscript which was available only on microfilm. The present edition has taken manuscript A (B.M. Or. 2516) as its main text because it is a complete copy compared with the others. The edition is prefaced by an introduction comprising a discussion of the data we possess about the commentator’s life with references to his works in general and of the authenticity of the authorship of this work in particular. This is followed by an analysis of the commentary, discussing the method used by Salmon, the Karaite theology presented by him and its relationship to Mu'tazilite views. There follows a descriptive linguistic study of the text, investigating the relationship of its language to the characteristics of other Judaeo-Arabic texts on the one a hand, and to Classical Arabic on the other. Next, there is a description of the manuscripts and fragments, followed by detailed notes in which is I presented the relationship between Salmon’s text and translation of Lamentations presented on the one hand, and the Massoretic Text, the Septuagint the Peshitta and Saadiah Gaon’s Arabic version on the other

Frequency Synthesizers and Oscillator Architectures Based on Multi-Order Harmonic Generation

Frequency synthesizers are essential components for modern wireless and wireline communication systems as they provide the local oscillator signal required to transmit and receive data at very high rates. They are also vital for computing devices and microcontrollers as they generate the clocks required to run all the digital circuitry responsible for the high speed computations. Data rates and clocking speeds are continuously increasing to accommodate for the ever growing demand on data and computational power. This places stringent requirements on the performance metrics of frequency synthesizers. They are required to run at higher speeds, cover a wide range of frequencies, provide a low jitter/phase noise output and consume minimum power and area. In this work, we present new techniques and architectures for implementing high speed frequency synthesizers which fulfill the aforementioned requirements. We propose a new architecture and design approach for the realization of wideband millimeter-wave frequency synthesizers. This architecture uses two-step multi-order harmonic generation of a low frequency phase-locked signal to generate wideband mm-wave frequencies. A prototype of the proposed system is designed and fabricated in 90nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Measurement results demonstrated that a very wide tuning range of 5 to 32 GHz can be achieved, which is costly to implement using conventional techniques. Moreover the power consumption per octave resembles that of state-of-the art reports. Next, we propose the N-Push cyclic coupled ring oscillator (CCRO) architecture to implement two high performance oscillators: (1) a wideband N-Push/M-Push CCRO operating from 3.16-12.8GHz implemented by two harmonic generation operations using the availability of different phases from the CCRO, and (2) a 13-25GHz millimeter-wave N-Push CCRO with a low phase noise performance of -118dBc/Hz at 10MHz. The proposed oscillators achieve low phase noise with higher FOM than state of the art work. Finally, we present some improvement techniques applied to the performance of phase locked loops (PLLs). We present an adaptive low pass filtering technique which can reduce the reference spur of integer-N charge-pump based PLLs by around 20dB while maintaining the settling time of the original PLL. Another PLL is presented, which features very low power consumption targeting the Medical Implantable Communication Standard. It operates at 402-405 MHz while consuming 600microW from a 1V supply

Adsorption Profile of N5 Acyclic Ligand Derived from 1, 2-Diamino Benzene and 2, 6-Diacetylpyridineon Column Packed Calcined Iraqi Montmorillonite

The adsorption ability of IRAQI initiated burned granulated bentonite of ligand (L), from aqueous solutions has been investigated through columnar method. The ligand (L) adsorption was found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time. All columnar experiments were carried out at three different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions at flow rate of (3 drops / min.) at room temperature (25±2) °C. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The monolayer adsorption capacity is 0.7055 mg ligand (L) per 1g burned bentonite. The experiments showed that highest removal rate was 88.25% for ligand (L) at pH 7. The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed pseudo-second-order rate equations. Keywords: N5 acyclic ligand, Adsorption Profile, Iraqi Montmorillonite, Column Packed

Anti –phytopathogenic Activities of Cladophora glomerata extract against plant fungi

The antiphytopathogenic effects of the crude methanol extract of Cladophora glomerata (Lin.) Kützing (Cladophoraceae) which isolated from Al Rashidiya region at north of Baghdad was investigated against two type of plant fungi (Pythium altimum and Rhizoctonia solani) which causes damping off disease where isolated from covered cucumber field in Al-Alyosifia region. Hot methanol extract showed antifungal activity against the two species of fungi in different concentrations(10,25,50 mg/ml) of extract to Cladophora glomerata as percentage inhibition (51.63 ,72.8 ,83.71) and (56.18 ,77.41 ,100)comparing with Pythium altimum and Rhizoctonia solani respectively .primary detection of active compounds showed that macroalgae (Cladophora glomerata) containing flavonoids,alkaloids, phenols and tannins. Our findings suggest the possibility of using the Cladophora glomerata as a novel source of natural antimicrobial agents for pharmaceutical industries

Analytical Profile of 4 - (4-Nitro Benzene Azo) - 3 - Amino Benzoic Acid on a Surface of Natural Granulated Calcined Iraqi Montmorillonite Clay Mineral, via Columnar Method.

The adsorption ability of Iraqi initiated calcined granulated montmorillonite to adsorb of 4-(4-Nitrobenzeneazo) 3-Aminobenzoic Acid from aqueous solutions has been investigated through columnar method. The azo dye adsorption found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time. All columnar experiments were carried out at three different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions at flow rate of (3 drops/ min.), at room temperature (25±2) °C. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The monolayer adsorption capacity is 6.4066 mg Azo ligand per 1g calcined Montmorillonite. The experiments showed that highest removal rate 90.5 % for azo dye at pH 5.5.The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed pseudo-first -order rate equations. Keywords: Analytical profile, Azo Ligand, Iraqi Montmorillonite, Columnar Method., Calcined

Milled Iraqi Phoenix Dactylifera Date Palm Pruning Woods Lignin Qualitative and Quantitative Determination

This study aimed to find analytical data base for Iraqi phoenix date palm pruning woods. Lignin has been extracted for five  types of Iraqi date palm using Klason lignin method. Weight of extracted lignin ranged from ( 0.350 g – 0.698 g), and lignin % ranged from (17.5 – 34.9). (waxes, oils, resin, and proteins of wood gums) % ranged from (22.5 – 44.5). FT– IR Characterization showed that the (-OH) phenolic dis appear in all studied lignin samples, and the (4-O-5 inter monomeric lignin linkage) showed strong intensity peaks for Khadrawi, and Jamal AL-Deen samples, and moderate  intensities for Maktom, Barhi at, and Fahal. Also (DODO inter monomeric lignin linkage) showed strong intensity peaks for all studied samples. UV – Vis. Characterization showed that the lowest absorption maximum (254 nm) corresponds to Fahal lignin sample, While the highest absorption maximum (275 nm) corresponds to Jamal AL-Deen lignin sample. Keywords: Milled Iraqi Phoenix, pruning woods, lignin, Quantitative Determination

Adsorption Study of Symmetrical Schiff Base Ligand 4,4’-[hydrazine-1,2-diylidenebis(methan- 1-yl-1-ylidene) bis (2-methoxyphenol)] on Granulated Initiated Calcined Iraqi Montmorillonite via Columnar Method

The adsorption ability of Iraqi initiated calcined granulated montmorillonite to adsorb Symmetrical Schiff Base Ligand 4,4’-[hydrazine-1, 2-diylidenebis (methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)) bis (2-methoxyphenol)] derived from condensation reaction of hydrazine hydrate and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, from aqueous solutions has been investigated through columnar method.The ligand (H2L) adsorption found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time.All columnar experiments were carried out at three different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions at flow rate of (3 drops/ min.),at room temperature (25±2)°C. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The monolayer adsorption capacity is 5.7347 mg ligand (L) per 1g calcined Montmorillonite. The experiments showed that highest removal rate 75.70 % for ligand (L) at pH 7.The kinetic data for the adsorption process obeyed pseudo-second-order rate equations. Key words: Adsorption Study, Schiff base Ligand, Iraqi Montmorillonite,Columnar Method., Calcined